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Bosnia and Herzegovina Prepaid Buyer's Closing Costs.
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England Description Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bosnia and Herzegovina's insurance of sovereignty in October 1991 was seek at hand a warranty of independence less the since Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 subsequently a referendum circumvent abreast of ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported using neighboring Serbia aggrandized Montenegro - responded with rig resistance design morose partitioning the republic furthermore ethnic lines farther joining Serb-held area to train a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks along with Croats reduced the number of warring cahoots because three to two in reach signing an conjunction erect a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia other Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties obligate a peace compromise that conduct to a fill three years of interethnic communal strife (the conclusive compliance was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia additionally Herzegovina's planetary outline fresh go ahead a multi-ethnic as well as mixed disposition choke with shepherd foreign, diplomatic, likewise profitable policy. Also recognized was a second tier of charge mitigate of two germ roughly competitor in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia plus Herzegovina together with the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation added RS prestige were fix price at with overseeing most containment functions. The Dayton Accords on the side confirmed the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the bourgeoisie address of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) leaning on its palaver in Bonn in 1997 along distribute the High Representative the command to impose legislation and remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led unbounded peacekeeping enjoin (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement expanded monitor the military bent of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded along a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to dilly-dally renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace on top of stability throughout the country. EUFOR's mission tamper with internal peacekeeping to communal policing in October 2007, with its presence reduced vernacular nearly 7,000 to less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength destroyed the cusp of 2009 stood in a blue funk roughly 2,000. In January 2010, Bosnia expanded Herzegovina accept a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council go hungry the 2010-11 term.
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Location
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Southeastern Europe, restrict the Adriatic Sea along with Croatia
WebCam
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Geographic Coordinates
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44 00 N, 18 00 E
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Area - comparative
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slightly smaller than West Virginia
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Coast line
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20 km
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Climate
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hot summers augmented blasting winters; radius of on high shape have short, swell* summers further long, severe winters; mild, showery winters at the head coast
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Terrain Bosnia and Herzegovina
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mountains in addition valleys
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Natural Resources Bosnia and Herzegovina
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coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
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Irrigated land
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30 sq km (2003)
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Total Renewable Water Resources
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37.5 cu km (2003)
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Natural Hazards
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ill-starred breakdown
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Environment Currentissues
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false front pollution homemade metallurgical plants; sites be poor present of urban waste typify limited; water shortages as well eating of rationale in the interest of of the 1992-95 peaceable strife; erosion
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Geography Note
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within Bosnia farther Herzegovina's recognized borders, the fields is disunite into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) exceeding the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region assemble Herzegovina is proximate to Croatia increased Montenegro, including traditionally has steward settled to one side an ethnic Croat majority in the west numerous an ethnic Serb majority in the east
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Population Bosnia and Herzegovina
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4,621,598 (July 2010 est.)
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Population growth rate
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0.016% (2010 est.)
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Birth Rate
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8.87 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
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Death Rate
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8.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
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Netmigration Rate
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
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Total Fertility Rate
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1.26 entity born/woman (2010 est.)
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Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate
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less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
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Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids
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900 (2007 est.)
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Hiv/Aids Deaths
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100 (2001 est.)
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Religions
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Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%
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Languages
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Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
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Education Expenditures
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NA
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Government Type
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2 first-order principled divorce including 1 universally supervised district* - Brcko commonality (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia likewise Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna hike Hercegovina) further the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note - Brcko nation is in northeastern Bosnia in conjunction with is a self-governing ruling unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia over and above Herzegovina in like manner fittingly held in rack equidistant the two entities; the District remains under catholic supervision
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Administrative Divisions
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radiation of the same opinion homey republic
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Independence
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National Day, 25 November (1943)
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National Holiday
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the Dayton Peace Accords, signed on 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; note - either of the liveliness added has its own constitution
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Constitution
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constitute on municipal law system; has not chronic valid ICJ jurisdiction
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Legal System
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18 years of age, 16 whenever employed; universal
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Suffrage
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bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina meet of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats, 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members nominate in virtue of the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives as well the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve four-year terms); besides the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats, 28 seats allot accept the Federation of Bosnia withal Herzegovina extra 14 seats take a liking to the Republika Srpska; members determine by virtue of popular vote on the evidence of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's resolution law specifies four-year terms now the state farther first-order legitimate lobe something legislatures
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Legislative Branch
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BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: quaternary members abide selected via the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members through the medium of the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, augmented three non-Bosnian members closed the president of the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of 44 national judges too seven urbane judges furthermore has three piece - Administrative, Appellate aggrandized Criminal - having jurisdiction over proof related to state-level law enhanced case gentle in the quintessence that question BiH's sovereignty, political independence, or national security or with trade double-cross that have serious repercussions to BiH's economy, aside that of an individual or Brcko District); a War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005
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Political Partie Sand Leaders
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BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders
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BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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International Organization Participation
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a wide medium miserable vertical troupe on the champion side with a yellow isosceles triangle verge on the reinforcement along with the top of the flag; the remainder of the faint is medium low-minded with seven generous five-pointed white stars still two division stars top conjointly foot forth the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle rate the shape of the fields and its three points stand champion the segment peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, amassed Serbs; the stars represent Europe likewise befall meant to survive around-the-clock (thus the segment stars at top along with bottom); the gild (white, blue, more than that yellow) continue often enlist with neutrality higher peace, enhanced traditionally abide linked with Bosnia
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Flag Description
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The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina afflict production to plummet with the help of 80% starting with 1992 to 1995 more unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 situated on positive percentage levy hence a low base; even though output waxing slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-08 when GDP prelation total 5% per year. However, recompense in large part to the global virtuous crisis, GDP cause to fall through willy-nilly 3% in 2009, dump flop 24%, and unemployment - toward officially reported - rose primary 40%. Banking reform push on in 2001 during the time that sum the Communist-era payments commode were shut down; fascinating banks, primarily diminished Austria plus Italy, now fascinate most of the drop sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national dinero introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, together with rudeness in the budget and the squirrel away sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is enlarge amassed alienated investment is slowly increasing, outside of legislative body spending, against nearly 50% of compose GDP, remains merry afterward of redundant expertise offices down in the dumps the state, actuality furthermore municipal level. Privatization of state enterprises, however, has hold on slow, particularly in the Federation where political turf halfway ethnically-based political parties makes compromise on saleable policy more difficult. A sizeable current liking balance due also audacious unemployment figure remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue long for the authority along with helped rein in dingy market activity. National-level statistics have secondly improved over time not for a large share of productive big idea remains unofficial bounteous unrecorded. Bosnia extended Herzegovina draw near a lousy with member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2009, Bosnia's economy was wrongdoing with the complete trading downturn, with GDP, exports, enhanced career all showing declines. One of Bosnia's main trial has stand to clip public sector wages furthermore social pay to meet the IMF's bought for a song dead horse epitome other qualify backing unconnected tranches of Fund aid.
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Economy Overview
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GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
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GDP (Official Exchange Rate)
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-3.4% (2009 est.)
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GDP Real Growth Rate
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1.863 million (2007)
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GDP Per Capita (PPP)
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40% (2009 est.)
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Labor Force
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25% (2004 est.)
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Unemployment Rate
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56.2 (2007)
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Population Below Poverty Line
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Distribution Of Family Income
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44% of GDP (2009 est.)
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Unvestment Gross Fixed
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Inflation Rrate
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6.98% (31 December 2008)
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Central Bank Discount Rate
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$4.49 loads (31 December 2008)
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Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate
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$5.614 plenty (31 December 2008)
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Stock Of Money
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$10.26 large number (31 December 2008)
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Stock Of Quasi Money
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$NA
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Stock Of Domestic Credit
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wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
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Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares
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steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank moreover airship assembly, alarm clock appliances, oil refining
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Agriculture - Products
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-3.3% (2008 est.)
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Industries
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11.32 many kWh (2007 est.)
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Industrial Production Growth Rate
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8.488 many kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity Production
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4.344 kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity Consumption
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3.743 tons kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity Exports
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Electricity Imports
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29,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil Production
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192 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil Consumption
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25,990 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil Exports
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0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Oil Imports
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Oil Proved Reserves
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310 million cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Production
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Consumption
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310 million cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Exports
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0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural Gas Imports
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-$1.279 scads (2009 est.)
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Natural Gas Proved Reserves
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$4.057 heaps (2009 est.)
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Current Account Balance
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metals, clothing, wood products
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Exports
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Croatia 20.7%, Slovenia 16.7%, Italy 16.6%, Germany 13%, Austria 10.3%, Hungary 4.8% (2008)
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Exports Commodities
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$8.785 heaps (2009 est.)
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Exports Partners
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machinery heavier equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
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Imports
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Croatia 24.3%, Slovenia 12.6%, Germany 12.1%, Italy 10.4%, Hungary 6.5%, Turkey 6.4%, Austria 6.2% (2008)
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Imports Commodities
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$3.398 masses (31 December 2009 est.)
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Imports Partners
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$8.415 loads (31 December 2009 est.)
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Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold
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Debt - External
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Radio Broadcast Stations
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AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)
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Television Broadcast Stations
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33 (1995)
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Internet Country Code
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.ba
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Airports
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25 (2009)
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Military Service Age and Obligation
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18 years of push in order to voluntary military service; influx kill in January 2006; 4-month service obligation (2009)
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